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‘The real issue is change': Edinburgh University's first Black philosophy professor on racism and reform
‘The real issue is change': Edinburgh University's first Black philosophy professor on racism and reform

The Guardian

time2 days ago

  • General
  • The Guardian

‘The real issue is change': Edinburgh University's first Black philosophy professor on racism and reform

For Tommy J Curry the question about Edinburgh University's institutional racism, or its debts around transatlantic slavery and scientific racism, can be captured by one simple fact: he is the first Black philosophy professor in its 440-year history. As the Louisiana-born academic who helped lead the university's self-critical inquiry into its extensive links to transatlantic slavery and the construction of racist theories of human biology, that sharply captures the challenge it faces. Not just that, Curry suspects he is the first Black academic in the UK to lead a university's investigation into its links to enslavement and empire. His goal is to guarantee he is far from the last Black professor. 'I'm a first-generation person. I grew up in poverty, grew up at the end of segregation,' he said. 'Why is that important to not be the first? Well, it's important because everybody has an 'in', and if there's nothing left after your 'in', you just become a symbol for somebody else's story. 'I'll be the subject of another report, but I won't have influence, I wouldn't have ushered in any of the people that look like me that the world said couldn't be.' The point is not to simply produce a report but to act, he said. 'The real fundamental issue is change. Not a symbolic apology, not a pay cheque. [How] do you create leagues of Black thinkers and clinicians and doctors and engineers and artists that fill the gap of what were lost by what white people engineered for centuries that deprived the world of Black human genius. That's why this report matters so much to me.' In turn, he added, Scotland could become better equipped to tackle the endemic problems of racial disparity in health outcomes, mortality, employment, housing, education. 'So when you think of it this way, what does reparations mean if it doesn't mean dealing with the consequences that were created by the very institutions you want to write the cheque?' His singular status in Edinburgh's philosophy department (which lists 12 tenured professors) also, he added, points to one of the most important findings of its investigation: the 'severe underrepresentation' of Black staff, the patchy recruitment of Black and ethnically minoritised students, and continuing staff and student experiences of racism. The decolonisation review, which was co-chaired by Dr Nicola Frith, an expert in reparations policy, found that less than 1% (150 out of 17,260) of the university's employees were Black – a figure that has been static for some years. A different picture emerges with other ethnic groups. The number of Asians – a category which includes Japanese, Chinese and south Asian people – reached 9% in 2022-23, up from 7% in 2018-19. Among the university's 49,430 students in 2022-23, 34% of its undergraduates were Asian – driven largely by growing numbers of Chinese students – with just 2% Black. Among postgraduates, 44% were Asian, 5% Black. The report says the increasing diversity in the university's population 'does not benefit Black staff and students' yet Edinburgh prides itself on being a 'global institution'. That means it should measure progress against the world's demographics too. 'While there is a dominant white racial majority in the UK, and especially in Scotland, the basis of comparison must not presume that small numbers of non-white racial and ethnic minorities in Scotland offer an appropriate baseline for comparison.' Scottish census data from 2021 puts the country's non-white minority ethnic population at 7.1%, but in Edinburgh that figure is just over 15% – nearly 77,800 people, 2.1% (10,881) of them Black. Across England and Wales, 18.3% of the population are from minority ethnic communities, 2.5% of them Black. 'So I ask this very seriously,' Curry continued. 'In the United States, before the end of Jim Crow segregation [in 1965], there was roughly 1.2% of Black scholars there. So roughly 1% of the people, PhDs, that were teaching faculty. 'Scotland is a free society. It claims it's a society that's free from racism and yet you have about the same percentage of Black people teaching here. So how does a free society that's free of racism produce the same kind of outcomes that a segregated, racist society produced in the United States?' Sign up to The Long Wave Nesrine Malik and Jason Okundaye deliver your weekly dose of Black life and culture from around the world after newsletter promotion That demonstrates a sequence, a chain of action and consequence which the university can now choose to break, he said. The newly published slavery and decolonisation review urges Edinburgh to fund a new centre for the study of racisms, colonialism and anti-Black violence and to prioritise the recruitment of Black and ethnically minoritised academics, researchers and students – partly funded by new scholarships – and ensure equal access to research funding. Frith points to the review team's decision to recruit paid Black and minority ethnic scholars and activists who specialise in colonialism, reparations policy and the repatriation of remains. Edinburgh has been a leading centre for reparations research for a decade, she said, since it held an international conference on reparations in 2015. The university, led by its principal, Peter Mathieson, made what Frith calls the 'really good decision' to set up the review after a 'collective groundswell' from staff and students to respond to the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis in 2020, and Glasgow University's groundbreaking report in 2018 on its slavery debt, as well as a controversy at Edinburgh in 2020 over the renaming of a university building named after the philosopher and alumnus David Hume, author of a 'notorious footnote' in 1753 claiming 'the Negroes' were 'naturally inferior'. 'I don't see that history as something that sits in the past with a closed door,' Frith adds. 'It is something that directly affects all of us today in very different and uneven ways, but it nonetheless does affect the shape of our society, our relations, everything.' Frith and Curry argue that if the university adopts their group's recommendations, the impact could be profound. 'There are very few things that stand beyond our lifetime,' said Curry. 'A centre, an institute, the creation of Black scholars in the UK around this issue of racism, dehumanisation and colonialism is something that I think will change the intellectual tenor and academic climate of the country. Nothing like it exists. 'So when we're looking at why it's important, it's because if the University of Edinburgh served as the pinnacle of the 17th, 18th and early 19th century for this work, why can't it serve as the same centre to undo it in the 21st century?'

‘The real issue is change': Edinburgh University's first Black philosophy professor on racism and reform
‘The real issue is change': Edinburgh University's first Black philosophy professor on racism and reform

The Guardian

time2 days ago

  • General
  • The Guardian

‘The real issue is change': Edinburgh University's first Black philosophy professor on racism and reform

For Tommy J Curry the question about Edinburgh University's institutional racism, or its debts around transatlantic slavery and scientific racism, can be captured by one simple fact: he is the first Black philosophy professor in its 440-year history. As the Louisiana-born academic who helped lead the university's self-critical inquiry into its extensive links to transatlantic slavery and the construction of racist theories of human biology, that sharply captures the challenge it faces. Not just that, Curry suspects he is the first Black academic in the UK to lead a university's investigation into its links to enslavement and empire. His goal is to guarantee he is far from the last Black professor. 'I'm a first-generation person. I grew up in poverty, grew up at the end of segregation,' he said. 'Why is that important to not be the first? Well, it's important because everybody has an 'in', and if there's nothing left after your 'in', you just become a symbol for somebody else's story. 'I'll be the subject of another report, but I won't have influence, I wouldn't have ushered in any of the people that look like me that the world said couldn't be.' The point is not to simply produce a report but to act, he said. 'The real fundamental issue is change. Not a symbolic apology, not a pay cheque. [How] do you create leagues of Black thinkers and clinicians and doctors and engineers and artists that fill the gap of what were lost by what white people engineered for centuries that deprived the world of Black human genius. That's why this report matters so much to me.' In turn, he added, Scotland could become better equipped to tackle the endemic problems of racial disparity in health outcomes, mortality, employment, housing, education. 'So when you think of it this way, what does reparations mean if it doesn't mean dealing with the consequences that were created by the very institutions you want to write the cheque?' His singular status in Edinburgh's philosophy department (which lists 12 tenured professors) also, he added, points to one of the most important findings of its investigation: the 'severe underrepresentation' of Black staff, the patchy recruitment of Black and ethnically minoritised students, and continuing staff and student experiences of racism. The decolonisation review, which was co-chaired by Dr Nicola Frith, an expert in reparations policy, found that less than 1% (150 out of 17,260) of the university's employees were Black – a figure that has been static for some years. A different picture emerges with other ethnic groups. The number of Asians – a category which includes Japanese, Chinese and south Asian people – reached 9% in 2022-23, up from 7% in 2018-19. Among the university's 49,430 students in 2022-23, 34% of its undergraduates were Asian – driven largely by growing numbers of Chinese students – with just 2% Black. Among postgraduates, 44% were Asian, 5% Black. The report says the increasing diversity in the university's population 'does not benefit Black staff and students' yet Edinburgh prides itself on being a 'global institution'. That means it should measure progress against the world's demographics too. 'While there is a dominant white racial majority in the UK, and especially in Scotland, the basis of comparison must not presume that small numbers of non-white racial and ethnic minorities in Scotland offer an appropriate baseline for comparison.' Scottish census data from 2021 puts the country's non-white minority ethnic population at 7.1%, but in Edinburgh that figure is just over 15% – nearly 77,800 people, 2.1% (10,881) of them Black. Across England and Wales, 18.3% of the population are from minority ethnic communities, 2.5% of them Black. 'So I ask this very seriously,' Curry continued. 'In the United States, before the end of Jim Crow segregation [in 1965], there was roughly 1.2% of Black scholars there. So roughly 1% of the people, PhDs, that were teaching faculty. 'Scotland is a free society. It claims it's a society that's free from racism and yet you have about the same percentage of Black people teaching here. So how does a free society that's free of racism produce the same kind of outcomes that a segregated, racist society produced in the United States?' Sign up to The Long Wave Nesrine Malik and Jason Okundaye deliver your weekly dose of Black life and culture from around the world after newsletter promotion That demonstrates a sequence, a chain of action and consequence which the university can now choose to break, he said. The newly published slavery and decolonisation review urges Edinburgh to fund a new centre for the study of racisms, colonialism and anti-Black violence and to prioritise the recruitment of Black and ethnically minoritised academics, researchers and students – partly funded by new scholarships – and ensure equal access to research funding. Frith points to the review team's decision to recruit paid Black and minority ethnic scholars and activists who specialise in colonialism, reparations policy and the repatriation of remains. Edinburgh has been a leading centre for reparations research for a decade, she said, since it held an international conference on reparations in 2015. The university, led by its principal, Peter Mathieson, made what Frith calls the 'really good decision' to set up the review after a 'collective groundswell' from staff and students to respond to the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis in 2020, and Glasgow University's groundbreaking report in 2018 on its slavery debt, as well as a controversy at Edinburgh in 2020 over the renaming of a university building named after the philosopher and alumnus David Hume, author of a 'notorious footnote' in 1753 claiming 'the Negroes' were 'naturally inferior'. 'I don't see that history as something that sits in the past with a closed door,' Frith adds. 'It is something that directly affects all of us today in very different and uneven ways, but it nonetheless does affect the shape of our society, our relations, everything.' Frith and Curry argue that if the university adopts their group's recommendations, the impact could be profound. 'There are very few things that stand beyond our lifetime,' said Curry. 'A centre, an institute, the creation of Black scholars in the UK around this issue of racism, dehumanisation and colonialism is something that I think will change the intellectual tenor and academic climate of the country. Nothing like it exists. 'So when we're looking at why it's important, it's because if the University of Edinburgh served as the pinnacle of the 17th, 18th and early 19th century for this work, why can't it serve as the same centre to undo it in the 21st century?'

University of Edinburgh profited from slavery and promoted racist pseudoscience
University of Edinburgh profited from slavery and promoted racist pseudoscience

Yahoo

time4 days ago

  • Politics
  • Yahoo

University of Edinburgh profited from slavery and promoted racist pseudoscience

An inquiry into the University of Edinburgh has found it played an outsized role in the creation of racist pseudoscience and greatly profited from transatlantic slavery. It also found that the institution had not engaged meaningfully with students and staff concerned about its ties to Israel, and that students and staff experiencing racism tended not to report it. A report entitled Decolonised Transformations: Confronting the University of Edinburgh's History and Legacies of Enslavement and Colonialism found that the institution raised the equivalent of at least £30million today from slavery and empire linked sources, with the value potentially over £800m if measured by 'Relative Output' which measures the amount of income or wealth relative to the total output of the economy. It found that: "The University of Edinburgh was a haven for professors and alumni who developed theories of racial inferiority and white supremacism, such as the idea that Africans were inferior to whites and that non-white peoples could be colonised for the profit of European nations. Read More: We visit the University of Edinburgh student encampment protesting for Palestine University of Edinburgh principal defends pay despite plans for £140m cuts LIVE: Donald Trump in Scotland as President spends second day at Turnberry "These ideas provided powerful intellectual justifications for enslavement and colonialism and underpinned the rapid expansion of European empires around the world. "University of Edinburgh professors and alumni played an outsized role in developing racial pseudo-sciences that created civilisational hierarchies and habitually positioned Black people at the bottom and white people at the top. "These ideas also provided the basis for British ethnology. Examples include Adam Ferguson, Dugald Stewart, David Hume, James Cowle Prichard, Robert Knox and Arthur James Balfour who, through research and teaching, proliferated racist ideas against African, Asian, Middle Eastern and other non-European peoples that underpinned enslavement and colonialism." In a modern context, the report found many students and staff from racial minorities face ongoing racism, with reporting systems 'potentially inadequate' as these did not tend to be reported. The report also made reference to the Balfour Declaration, the letter from British foreign secretary and chancellor of the University of [[Edinburgh]] to Lord Rothschild favouring the creation of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine. The UK Government had pledged to recognise Arab independence in the region in exchange for support against the Ottoman Empire in the First World War, and had also secretly agreed with France to divide what was then Ottoman Syria between the two nations. A protest at the University of Edinburgh (Image: Newsquest) Following the war, British Mandatory Palestine was established and eventually partitioned to create modern day Israel and Palestine. The report said: "One of the University's longest serving Chancellors, Arthur James Balfour (1891–1930), played a unique role in establishing and maintaining a century-long process of imperial and settler-colonial rule in Palestine through the 1917 Balfour Declaration. "This Declaration led to the partitioning of Palestine and the permanent exile of many Palestinians from their homeland. "Balfour assumed race to be a social and biological fact and upheld the right of white Europeans to govern and dominate non-Europeans. This racist view directly affected his attitude towards his governance of imperial and domestic affairs. "The University of Edinburgh continues to be entangled in the historical harms that Balfour instigated through its direct and indirect investments that are supporting the Israeli government's human rights and international law violations against Palestinian people today." Students currently enrolled at the University have protested about the institution's ties to [[Israel]] in the context of its ongoing occupation of Gaza and the West Bank, and it's military operations in the former. The report said: "To date, the University of Edinburgh's senior leadership team and Court have not demonstrated sufficient direct engagement with the requests emerging from one of the most well-supported community mobilisations in the history of the University. "Importantly, this mobilisation is comparable to the successful divestment campaign that took place in the 1970s from another apartheid state, South Africa. In 1971, the University of Edinburgh listened to students and staff, and after intense protests it sold all its investments complicit with apartheid. 148 But in the case of Palestine, the senior leadership team has deployed a 'conflict agnostic' approach, a term that denies the Nakba and its settler-colonial afterlife. Read More: Horrifying images are clearly the tipping point for public outrage over Gaza SNP to force vote on recognising Palestine to coincide with UN summit Glasgow University accused of profiting from 'blood money' due to Gaza ties "This approach also means that the University of Edinburgh runs the risk of eluding due diligence and exposing itself to complicity with genocide, crimes against humanity and an illegal occupation." The report recommended that the University of Edinburgh de-adopt the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance definition of antisemitism. The IHRA definition, which is used by most UK universities, includes 11 examples to support that definition, seven of which reference the state of Israel. Falling under its definition of antisemitism are "claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavour", "applying double standards by requiring of it a behaviour not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation", and "drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis". The University of Edinburgh report said: "The IHRA definition violates academic freedom and freedom of speech by framing any criticism of Israel's policies of settler-colonial dispossession driven by state racism as a form of antisemitism." The report further found that donations explicitly sought from slavers were used to help build the Old College on South Bridge in the 1790s and the old medical school near Bristo Square in the 1870s. The university had at least 15 endowments derived from African enslavement and 12 linked to British colonialism in India, Singapore and South Africa, and 10 of those were still active and had a minimum value today of £9.4m. It currently has close to 300 skulls gathered in the 1800s from enslaved and dispossessed people adherents of phrenology, a racist pseudoscience which holds that intelligence can be determined by skull shape. University Principal and Vice-Chancellor, Professor Sir Peter Mathieson said: "The publication of the University of Edinburgh's Race Review is a landmark moment in this ancient institution's willingness and determination to learn from its past, as well as its present, in order to shape its future. "The University of Edinburgh acknowledges its role not only in profiting materially from practices and systems that caused so much suffering but also in contributing to the production and perpetuation of racialised thought which significantly impacted ethnically and racially minoritised communities. "On behalf of the institution, I extend our deepest apologies to all individuals and communities impacted by the legacies of our connections to enslavement and colonialism. "We cannot have selective memory about our past, focusing only on the historical achievements which make us feel proud. We are right to address its complexities too, and learn from those aspects which are highly challenging to confront. Only by fully engaging with and understanding the entirety of our institutional past can we truly learn and move forward. We are unwavering in our commitment to a future where racism, racial discrimination, and racialised inequalities have no place in higher education or society. The findings of the Race Review will help to inform our evolving policies and practices as we design a University fit for the future. "Our institutional vision embodies a proactive approach to fostering an environment of racial equality and justice, through our research, teaching, improved institutional practices and community engagement. We will also continue to strengthen our global partnerships, recognising that we do not have all of the answers ourselves and that building progressive, consultative and equitable relationships is crucial. "I am deeply grateful to everyone that contributed to the University of Edinburgh's Race Review, and in particular to Professor Tommy Curry, Dr Nicola Frith and Chris Cox who led the various sections, to community members for their active involvement in discussions and workshops and also to the Steering Group chaired originally by Sir Geoff Palmer: Geoff sadly died in June 2025 but he had seen the draft report and he and I reflected together on the importance of this work, and its legacy, very shortly before his death. We will honour his memory through our ongoing commitment and contribution to advancing race equality within our institution and in society more broadly. "

Edinburgh University had ‘outsized' role in creating racist scientific theories, inquiry finds
Edinburgh University had ‘outsized' role in creating racist scientific theories, inquiry finds

The Guardian

time4 days ago

  • General
  • The Guardian

Edinburgh University had ‘outsized' role in creating racist scientific theories, inquiry finds

The University of Edinburgh, one of the UK's oldest and most prestigious educational institutions, played an 'outsized' role in the creation of racist scientific theories and greatly profited from transatlantic slavery, a landmark inquiry into its history has found. The university raised the equivalent of at least £30m from former students and donors who had links to the enslavement of African peoples, the plantation economy and exploitative wealth-gathering throughout the British empire, according to the findings of an official investigation seen by the Guardian. The inquiry found that Edinburgh became a 'haven' for professors who developed theories of white supremacism in the 18th and 19th centuries, and who played a pivotal role in the creation of discredited 'racial pseudo-sciences' that placed Africans at the bottom of a racial hierarchy. It reveals the ancient university – which was established in the 16th century – still had bequests worth £9.4m that came directly from donors linked to enslavement, colonial conquests and those pseudo-sciences, and which funded lectures, medals and fellowships that continue today. Sir Peter Mathieson, the university's principal, who commissioned the investigation, said its findings were 'hard to read' but that Edinburgh could not have a 'selective memory' about its history and achievements. In an official statement, Mathieson extended the university's deepest apologies for 'its role not only in profiting materially from practices and systems that caused so much suffering but also in contributing to the production and perpetuation of racialised thought which significantly impacted ethnically and racially minoritised communities'. The investigation also found that: The university had explicitly sought donations from graduates linked to transatlantic slavery to help build two of its most famous buildings, Old College on South Bridge in the 1790s and the old medical school near Bristo Square in the 1870s. The donations were equivalent to approximately £30m in today's prices, or the higher figure of £202m based on the growth of wages since they were received, and as much as £845m based on economic growth since then. The university had at least 15 endowments derived from African enslavement and 12 linked to British colonialism in India, Singapore and South Africa, and 10 of those were still active and had a minimum value today of £9.4m. The university holds nearly 300 skulls gathered in the 1800s from enslaved and dispossessed people by phrenologists in Edinburgh who wrongly believed skull shape determined a person's character and morals. Fewer than 1% of its staff and just over 2% of its students were Black, well below the 4% of the UK population, and despite Edinburgh's status as a global institution. The report's authors said their findings raised serious questions about the university's role as the seat of the Scottish Enlightenment in the 18th and 19th centuries when it became famous for the work of luminaries such as the economist Adam Smith and the philosopher David Hume. The fact its history was in part 'connected to slavery and colonialism, the violent taking of bodies, labour, rights, resources, land and knowledge is deeply jarring, not least for an institution so closely associated with the humanistic and liberal values of the Scottish Enlightenment', it said. The report's authors urged the university to redirect the money from those bequests to hiring academics from Black and minority backgrounds and on research and teaching about racism and colonialism, partly to combat the institutional racism that permeated the institution, they argued. Among a sweeping series of 47 recommendations, the review's authors have also asked Edinburgh to support the unadoption of the definition of antisemitism published by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) because it stifled 'free conversation' about Israel's policies and actions in Gaza and the West Bank. Most UK universities recognise the IHRA definition. The review also called on Edinburgh to urgently sell off its investments in companies with significant contracts with the Israeli government. Mathieson said Edinburgh was 'actively' reviewing its support for the IHRA declaration and its investments in Israel-linked companies after a series of protests by staff and students who have accused the university of complicity with Israeli actions in Gaza. He added that he recognised the strength of feeling but said he could not commit to withdrawing support for the IHRA definition or to divest in companies facing boycott until those reviews were complete. 'Obviously this is a very hot, contemporary topic,' he said in an interview with the Guardian. Mathieson said the decolonisation report had reached 'deeply shocking' and 'really discomforting' conclusions, including the discovery in student notebooks from the 1790s that one of its most famous moral philosophers, Dugald Stewart, had taught thousands of students that white Europeans were racially superior. Ironically, Stewart and his mentor Adam Ferguson were 'lifelong abolitionists' yet their theories of race had been used to justify slavery in the American south. The university had to accept harsh truths about its past activities, as well as bask in its successes, Mathieson said. This review, he added, was the most extensive investigation of its kind carried out by any university in the UK. Sign up to The Long Wave Nesrine Malik and Jason Okundaye deliver your weekly dose of Black life and culture from around the world after newsletter promotion Mathieson said: 'I think a lot of the report is hard to read, but I have confidence in its accuracy because I trust the experts that have produced it. I think we were seeking the truth – that's really the purpose of a university, and it includes the truth about ourselves as well as the truth about anybody else.' Mathieson and university executives set up the review, which was chaired by Prof Tommy J Curry, a specialist in critical race theory, and Dr Nicki Frith, an expert in reparations, in response to a groundbreaking review in 2018 by the University of Glasgow on its links to slavery and the Black Lives Matter protests after the murder of George Floyd in Minneapolis in 2020, which also affected Edinburgh. Among other findings was evidence that the university had invested endowments derived from African enslavement into government war bonds, colonial bonds and buying Scottish Highland estates, and had received money from taxes levied on ships transporting sugar and tobacco from those plantations. The university had reacted to the abolitionist cause with 'inertia', the report finds, by not joining three other Scottish universities and colleges who had petitioned parliament calling for the abolition of slavery, even though Edinburgh had professors at the forefront of abolitionist campaigning. Curry said: 'Scotland has a moral debt to pay by sustaining an ideology that helped to exploit, kill and dominate racialised people for centuries. 'There's no argument against the fact that the people who orchestrated colonialism came from Edinburgh. It is not the only place they came from, but the University of Edinburgh was at the forefront at that time of creating and proliferating those theories.' Edinburgh became one centre of the Black Lives Matter protests in 2020, when some staff and students demanded it rename a tower block named after Hume, the Enlightenment philosopher who published an overtly racist footnote that upheld the notion that black people were inferior. To the fury of some historians, the university agreed to temporarily rename the building '40 George Square'. A further review by the university has recommended the change of name should be permanent and that a new naming committee investigates renaming another modern building named after Dugald Stewart due to his theories of race. Mathieson indicated the university will accept many of the recommendations of the decolonisation review submitted by the 24-strong team of academics, researchers and consultants, but others would require consideration and external funding. 'If at the end of it we lose courage because we don't like the conclusions, that kind of invalidates the original decision to do the work,' he said. 'We knew that this was not going to be pretty.' The university will set up a new race review implementation group which will actively support the review's call for Edinburgh to establish a centre for the study of racisms, colonialism and anti-Black violence, he said, by helping find philanthropic donors and external funding, and find rooms for a community space. Mathieson said the university also had a lot of work to do to understand why it had so few Black staff and students. In contrast, a third of its students are Asian, including nearly 9,300 students from China. Edinburgh would 'undoubtedly' fund new scholarships for students from minoritised groups, he said. 'Some of the university's resources can be and will be diverted to this.' Even so, he said, the university may be unable to repurpose some bequests linked to slavery or colonialism if their terms restrict the money to specific purposes.

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